If you’ve received Feedback on your Causal Argument, we’ve already started critiquing your causal claims.

But, if you’re still working on your Causal post, or if you’ve posted yours but aren’t confident you really understand how to structure a causal essay, the following descriptions of Causal Types might help.

Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
“Facebook Can Cost Us Our Jobs”

The premise is that something supposedly personal, about which our employers should have nothing to say, is nevertheless available to our employers, and to prospective employers, if we make it so. What needs to be proved is that information about our non-work lives, or information we post to Facebook about our work lives, can keep us from getting a job, from advancing in a job, or from keeping a job.

• You may say that sounds illegal or unethical, but your objection is irrelevant to the causal argument.
• You could examine how different professions handle social media differently (for example kindergarten teachers might be fired for indiscretions that wouldn’t cost an insurance agent her job), because your topic is still what costs the teacher and the agent their jobs.
• You could argue that free speech should be protected if it’s true, and nobody should be fired for saying his boss cheats on his wife, but your objection is irrelevant unless there really are certain types of speech for which we can’t be fired and types for which we can (X causes Z, but Y does not cause Z).
• You could certainly make a good argument that employers have different policies regarding social media activities of their employees (X causes Y at Company 1, while X causes Z at Company 2).

Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
“We Are the Casualties of the War on Drugs”

The premise is that the War on Drugs has been counterproductive, subjecting the nation to increased drug use and drug-related death. What needs to be proved is that government interference in drug production and distribution creates crime, interrupts quality control, causes disease, and kills users, traffickers, and innocent bystanders of the illicit drug trade.

• You could argue that the prohibition of certain desirable substances leads inevitably to a frenzied underground and by definition criminal enterprise to meet the demand.
• You could argue that criminals aren’t always scrupulous about the quality of the contraband they deliver and that their product often harms or kills.
• You could point out the countless people languishing in jails for owning small amounts of something that used to be legal.
• You might want to mention that drug use, even sanctioned use of safe prescription drugs, can be very detrimental in and of itself, but your comments would be completely irrelevant to the causal argument.
• You might also want to say that drug dealers get what’s coming to them when they deal in illicit materials and it’s wrong to blame cops for killing them, but again, that’s irrelevant to the question of whether the War on Drugs results in death.

Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
“There’s No One Explanation for Gangs”

The premise is usually employed to refute the “common knowledge” that a single cause can be blamed for an effect. If you’ve chosen a topic about which everybody “knows” the cause and effect, your causal essay will dispute the notion that there is in fact a single cause.

• You could produce evidence that gangs are more prevalent in public housing projects than in suburban neighborhoods, but with special care. You still won’t have identified the cause, only the location of the cause.
• You could produce evidence that a large majority of the kids in gangs come from families without a present, positive, male role model, but with great care in how you describe the situation, to avoid using misleading shortcuts like “kids with no dads.”
• You could describe gangs as often engaged in petty criminal activity or as pointlessly obsessed with territorial disputes, but it’s completely irrelevant to your causal argument to describe what happens after a kid is in the gang when you intend to prove why he joined it in the first place.

A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
“Failure to Prosecute Rape Causes Rape”

The premise is that rape occurs because it’s tolerated and that every resulting rape reinforces the sense that it will be tolerated. Rapes of female students on college campuses are routinely reported to campus authorities, not local police, and are kept from local law enforcement to protect the reputation of the school at the expense of the rights of the victim. What needs to be proved is that the rapes are in fact kept secret, that the assailants escape justice, and that there is local awareness that sexual assaults are not prosecuted or punished.

• You might want to investigate how it came to be that colleges got jurisdiction for sexual assaults on campus, but it’s probably irrelevant, unless you can demonstrate that they did so deliberately in order to keep assaults secret.
• You might want to explain what you think are contributing causes, such as the loss of bonuses or jobs for administrators on whose watch the public learned of campus rapes.
• You would need to argue that somehow, even though the outside world never hears of these rapes, students on campus learn that assault victims are not believed or supported and that assailants are not punished. This is essential to the chain.
• You could make a suggestion that if victims of rape refused to be “handled” by honor boards and campus judiciaries and took their cases to the local prosecutors instead they could break the chain. Arguing how to break the chain is a confirmation of why the chain continues.

Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
“Violent Games Are Not the Missing Link”

The premise of this causation fallacy argument is nobody has yet proved a causal link between a steady diet of violent video games and actual physical violence in the lives of the gamers.

• You might be tempted to demonstrate that gamers are actually sweethearts who join the Boy Scouts and help old ladies across the street without knocking them down, but you don’t have to. You merely want to prove that they’re no more violent than players of other games.
• In fact, you don’t need to prove anything positive of your own to produce a strong causation fallacy argument; you only need to discredit the logic, the methods, or the premises of your opponents who think they have proved causation.
• For example, if an exhaustive study finds a strong link between kids who play violent video games and kids who kick their classmates on the playground, you argue this is mere correlation. It’s equally likely that the kids were violent first and attracted to the games as a result of their taste for aggression.
• You could also question the methodology of the supposed proof. If a questionnaire measures hostility, the answer: “I am suspicious of overly friendly strangers” no more proves hostility than it indicates a healthy wariness of the unknown.

Take-Home Exercise

Consider what you know about your own Topic and Thesis.
As a Reply to this post, make 5 brief Causal Arguments derived from your own research, as I have done above.

1. Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
2. Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
3. Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
4. A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
5. Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)

A Model Exercise

(If your hypothesis is that the Pitch Clock benefits pitchers more than batters.)

1. Single Cause with a Single Effect (X causes Y)
   —The Pitch Clock encourages pitchers to go with their “gut instinct” on how to handle a batter instead of overthinking their next pitch.
2. Single Cause with Several Effects (X causes Y and Z)
   —The time limit prevents pitchers from strolling the mound between pitches.
   —The Pitch Clock reduces the time a pitcher and catcher can consult about pitch selection and the runners on base.
   —The time limit prevents batters from leaving the box after every pitch to adjust their batting gloves and tighten their shoe laces.
   —The Pitch Clock creates categories of pitchers: Fast Workers and Slow Adjusters.
3. Several Causes for a Single Effect (Both X and Y cause Z)
   —Some pitchers have better stats since the Pitch Count because they work better on instinct than on deliberation.
   —Some pitchers have better stats since the Pitch Count because batters can no longer disturb their rhythm.
   —Some pitchers have better stats since the Pitch Count because they have adjusted to the time limit better than batters have.
4. A Causal Chain (X causes Y, which causes Z)
   —Step A: Throwing a ball at 100mph puts a serious strain on a pitcher’s arm.
   —Step B: With a time limit between pitches, pitchers can’t stretch their “recovery time” between pitches.
   —Step C: Most pitchers have to back off on velocity since they can’t recover between pitches.
   —Step D: Therefore, since the Pitch Count, most pitchers have suffered small but measurable overall velocity losses.
   —Step E: Batters perform better against pitchers who can’t throw as fast.
5. Causation Fallacy (X does not cause Y)
   —The fact that one pitcher has sped up his delivery pace WHILE AT THE SAME TIME improving his overall velocity by one-half of one mph, DOES NOT mean that Pitch Count CAUSED his added velocity, NOR DOES IT PROVE that “pitchers have added velocity to their game in the Pitch Count era.”