First, a Word about Quotation
Citation is different from Quotation. To quote is to use the very words that have appeared in an earlier publication, in the same order, without omissions or additions. The word for this type of reproduction is verbatim.
Full Sentence Quote
Whenever reproducing earlier work verbatim, quotation marks are required to mark the beginning and end of quoted material. For example, to quote from the paragraph above, I would say:
Regarding quotation, Hodges says, “To quote is to use the very words that have appeared in an earlier publication, in the same order, without omissions or additions.”
This example uses the most common punctuation for quotations, a comma before the quote, a capital letter to begin the quote, and a period before the close quotes.
Partial Sentence Quote
Note that in the above example, I have quoted the entire sentence. We may also quote just a part of a sentence, provided the segment we quote blends grammatically with our own sentence. For example, to quote just a segment from the paragraph above, I would say:
We are quoting whenever we use “the very words that have appeared in an earlier publication, in the same order,” without adding any new material or leaving anything out.
Note the difference in punctuation of this partial quote. It doesn’t require a capitalized first letter, and it doesn’t end in a period, because the punctuation of the new sentence does not require them.
Omissions
Above we have demonstrated that we can quote segments from the middle of sentences. We can also remove material from the middle of a long quotation, provided we indicate that we have made an omission. For example, to quote from the beginning and the end of the sample paragraph, we could say:
Says Hodges: “To quote is to use the very words that have appeared in an earlier publication . . . The word for this . . . is verbatim.”
The colon. Notice the new type of punctuation. Some introductory phrases lend themselves to the use of a colon before the quote.
The ellipses (the series of three dots) represent missing material. The rest of the language is reproduced verbatim. Always use three dots, no more, no less, except to end a sentence, when a fourth dot is used as the period that ends the sentence.
Alterations
With respect and great care, we are permitted to alter the quote for the sake of clarity or to provide context missing from the original. To do so, we place our own material inside brackets:
“Citation is different from Quotation,” says Hodges. “To quote is to use the very words that have appeared in an earlier publication [unaltered, or] verbatim.”
Citation
Citation does not require quotation although the two are often used together. While quotation is the use of another’s language, citation is the naming of the author, the title of the work, the publication, and perhaps the date or place of publication.
In the following example, the blue material is the citation:
In his blog post, “Informal Citation Technique,” for the blog Counterintuitive2015, Hodges makes the outlandish claim, “Citation is different from Quotation.”
Notice the punctuation.
- Article. “Informal Citation Technique” is an article title identified by quotation marks.
- Publication. Counterintuitive2015 is a publication title identified by italics.
- Author. The author is identified by last name only, except for the first mention, in which he might be called Professor David Hodges.
Good Citation; Good Quotation
The following are all good citation techniques. Refer to this list if you’re ever in doubt about how to cite and briefly quote in the same short sentence.
- Daniel Flath, in his essay, “Boylan’s Folly,” claims that “boys can’t learn from women.”
- Daniel Flath claims, in “Boylan’s Folly,” that “boys can’t learn from women.”
- In Daniel Flath’s essay, “Boylan’s Folly,” Flath claims, “Boys can’t learn from women.”
- In “Boylan’s Folly,” Daniel Flath claims: “Boys can’t learn from women.”
- Daniel Flath thinks “boys can’t learn from women.” He makes this and other outrageous claims in his essay, “Boylan’s Folly.”
- That “boys can’t learn from women” is one of the outrageous claims Daniel Flath makes in “Boylan’s Folly.”
- “Boys can’t learn from women,” according to Daniel Flath in “Boylan’s Folly.”
Exercise
“Boylan’s Folly” appeared in the New York Times in January, 2009. Add that additional information to any four of the citations above and record your new versions in a Reply below.
If you can’t comfortably splice in the publication name and date, break the entries into two sentences.
Number your revisions to match the first versions, please.
The Gamer 2.0
SleepyCat
Coffee Lover 03
doglover7025
Snowman10
excellentstudent27
Gymrat
hockeyfan
holistic25
ilovebeesss
ilovemydog
The Gamer
Naturechild101
BreakingBad45
ravensfan8
temporal111
thatpersonoverthere
toetio
username1132005
Calm&Patient
webbwrestler135
Counterintuitive Spring 2024 
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