causal rewrite- Thatpersonoverthere

Posted on April 8, 2024 by thatpersonoverthere

Tactile Art Therapy Helps Resolves Complex Emotions

Art therapy as defined by the National Library of medicine, explains that art therapy is most commonly used to assist those with mental illness and cognitive decline for its ability to assist with “quality of life.” And through that it was found that artistic expression would be helpful to explore as a supplement to traditional therapy. This can be helpful as it allows for someone to put their complicated feelings into the real world and to have someone help them understand their abstract feelings better.

Trying to explain systemic racism and how it affects those it seeks to demonize may be hard to understand if the person has never fully realized that’s what they’ve been experiencing their whole live. Though it may be a bit easier through either an image or another art form, as this could allow for the patient to perhaps sculpt a piece about how they view their body, and their therapist could help to break down the harmful stereotypes that may negatively effect their body image. It’s a more tangible form of expression and takes the abstract concept of hurting someone emotionally and puts it into a realistic context. It puts that emotion or feeling into something someone might be able to more readily understand and come to terms with. They can hold it in their hands, they can feel it as their piece is being made, this process is not the same in digital.

Textile art therapy is more beneficial for a person that has trouble expressing emotion than person seeking art therapy than non digital media. This takes from the benefits and drawback of art making in general. Using traditional art is helpful in improving different techniques due to the permanent nature of the medium. If you make the incorrect cut while making a dress or the wrong brush stroke while painting then you either start over or improvise a different idea for the project. This can also be beneficial in therapy to show the person seeking therapy that while their choices have consequences there is still room to work around it or to start anew.

While with digital media those mistakes can be completely erased, and so could give someone a warped perspective of their mistakes or choices and consequences. The physical connection to the work is also somewhat lost. From my own experience, despite the fact that it doesn’t entirely relate to art therapy, I feel that my digital process and my physical process is different, there are different pitfalls and hurdles when it comes to digital media, there is a chance the piece might be lost through either the fault of the device or the fault of the person shielding it. 

Digital media has risen rapidly in the 21st century and this may be due to it’s affordability. Art supplies cost money and depending on the specific supplies this could put a significant dent in someone’s pockets. So evaluating whether digital media would be a viable option for Art therapy is important. In a study done by Front Psychology, found under the National Library of Medicine, it was found that using digital media may be beneficial when the patient has special needs.  The results of the experiment, where special needs children in their sophomore year in high school, states “In particular, digital art therapy induces a holistic sensory experience by mobilizing visual images that could represent various expressions, emotions felt in music and tactile senses that made texts for people with intellectual disabilities with difficulty in verbal communication.”

Though digital art was used for this experiment due to the availability and propensity of people using phones and computers, this does not mean that traditional art also couldn’t be used for the experiment. Teaching these special needs high schoolers how to express themselves with traditional media including clay and painting wouldn’t be all that difficult. Though there would potentially be a significant price involved. That is a small price to pay for tactile sensations and a better chance to immerse themselves in their feelings and potentially the feelings of others.

Always being on one’s devices may lead to a lapse in reality and with the addition of a learning disability like the children in the experiment this could cause an even bigger lapse in development when doing art therapy. And this study didn’t take people without learning disabilities into account, people that might have anxiety or PTSD might not have a positive experience with art therapy. The population size and demographic for this experiment is too small to really say whether or not the experiment works or not. Even if it does it still doesn’t change the fact that this would increase screen time usage for a group that already spends a significant amount of time on their screens.  It’s good to take a break from the constant screentime in daily life to pick up clay and discuss emotions with someone trained in dealing with those emotions. 

There are several benefits to traditional art therapy, a great example of this comes from the act of finger painting as it has been proven in experiments by Kaczmarek to enhance feelings of mindfulness and attention, both of which would be highly beneficial for therapy. When a person is mindful of their process and decisions when creating it can push the piece to be a more genuine work of art, this translates to the work being a more accurate expression of a person’s experience.  As opposed to digital, where the only thing connecting the person to their art is a screen. Process of creating art will feel different and sort of wrong in a way, it feels better to hold that piece of art in one’s own hands, to see the pride in knowing they made it themselves. 

Digital media may be important for getting baseline ideas and information down, though a more holistic experience can be achieved through traditional art when dealing with art therapy. Traditional art media creates sensations that can encourage mindfulness and can immerse one deeper into the creative process and therapy experience. Also with the overabundance of digital experiences it can be a nice change of pace to be encouraged to take a step back and create with a licensed therapist.

References

Kim, J., & Chung, Y. J. (2023). A case study of group art therapy using digital media for adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1172079. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1172079

Raaina Mahevish, Khan, A., Mahmood, H., Qazi, S., Fakhoury, H., & Hani Tamim. (2023). The Impact of Social Media on the Physical and Mental Well-Being of Medical Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-023-00164-7

Shukla, A., Choudhari, S. G., Gaidhane, A. M., & Quazi Syed, Z. (2022). Role of Art Therapy in the Promotion of Mental Health: a Critical Review. Cureus, 14(8). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9472646/

Stanko-Kaczmarek, M., & Kaczmarek, L. D. (2016). Effects of Tactile Sensations during Finger Painting on Mindfulness, Emotions, and Scope of Attention. Creativity Research Journal, 28(3), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2016.1189769

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rebuttal rewrite- thatpersonoverthere

Posted on April 8, 2024 by thatpersonoverthere

Art therapy is important for certain individuals

When most people think of therapy they think of sitting, or lying down in a futon while they talk to a person who most likely has glasses on across the room. They tell this person their struggles for the week and the person at the other end of the room usually has some type of solution or fix to their problems. Art therapy is different to this, it uses art along with a care plan a therapist has made for their client. There are several ways to misinterpret art therapy from believing that unqualified therapists who believe that the mere creation of art is art therapy is able to effectively give a wholesome experience for their client ;to believing that art therapy can be done using Ai. If a therapist is unqualified to help their patient or gives advice that is counterintuitive to modern therapeutic doctrines such as the modern self help jonura then this can not be considered therapy.  Art therapy is intended to use therapy to deconstruct either past trauma or emotions, and using a computer program to bypass this would not result in progress but further confusion as the emotion displayed in the piece is a hollow representation of that person’s true expression.

Tactile therapy is very important to the growth of patients that perhaps have trouble expressing their emotions or have developmental issues. If a patient is in an environment that allows them to focus on another priority instead of their emotions it can help them to allow their emotions to flow more freely. Thus the method is crucial to their recovery plan the therapist has compiled for them. Messing up this routine may worsen the effectiveness of treatment. ( this view was cultivated through my talks with abbie) 

Though there are several types of art therapy some not even falling in the traditional definition of art therapy.  Abbie Kasoff The current Chief Executive director of the organization says it with clay describes art therapy as Therapy with a specific treatment plan that involves art. She goes on to state that “art with a therapeutic approach” isn’t art therapy. That art therapy must involve someone with a master’s degree in art therapy, though this requirement is different  in all 50 states. Art with a therapeutic approach such as coloring with an adult coloring book isn’t exactly what counts as art therapy. Art with a therapeutic approach or AWTA is what most people think of when they hear about art therapy because it fits the idea of what art is for people who may not care about it. That art is something only used to relax, that it’s always fun, or that it’s easy. But art can be used in several different ways and can invoke feelings of grief, pain and understanding. And when exploring these complex emotions it is important to have someone who is equipped to help get through the feelings, a sentiment that Kasoff also strongly expressed.  If such a person is not there with the patient then they may have trouble navigating their emotions and the patient suffers because the person they trusted with healthy exploring their emotions has been ineffective it may create a new problem. It could leave the patient worse off as they may refrain from exploring their emotions with therapy again. 

Another idea that may clash with the central thesis of this paper is the idea that digital media can be introduced into art therapy and have no real drawbacks. This idea may be true for some people but may also leave others behind. For those people say, those with trouble with anxiety when talking with people, it would actually do more harm than good. 

A study conducted by frontiers in psychology discussed the use of digital media in art therapy in the future. Concluding with the sentiment that digital art therapy would be helpful as it would be used to reach more people. While this sentiment is true in practice, a core component of therapy and especially art therapy is the human connection to both the art and to the therapist and part of that would be lost with creating and talking through a screen. If art therapy is used for those with communication issues, and let’s say that one of those people were to use digital art therapy it wouldn’t be as effective. They can simply hang up the phone if they get overwhelmed instead of having the therapist being in the same room as them and helping to get to the root of their emotions. The core part of their therapy is messed up and may put them off track. Even someone who is used to routine may be affected by digital therapy in a negative way, of course with traditional art therapy it exists in a specific location and that patient may have trouble getting to that particular location due to weather or a natural disaster, this would still be the case with digital media. It breaks the idea that digital art therapy can be done anywhere through video calls. Even if the video aspect is not there and the patient is in the room with the therapist the app the art is done on may crash or perhaps the therapist or the patient forgot to charge the device, this could cause more frustration because the patient paid the therapist for art therapy for part of the day and due to circumstances out of their control they are unable to get their treatment. This type of therapy isn’t accessible if the person lives in an area with trees or forgets to charge their device. And while yes, charging their device would also be an effective way to build a routine. It’s ultimately leading to a less effective session due to the many problems that could be faced through digital.

If the accessibility of this type of therapy is offset by the effectiveness of the particular method of art where a core component is to make it more effective then is it worth it.

References

Abbie Kasoff phone discussion that took place for about 30 minutes

Zubala, A., Kennell, N., & Hackett, S. (2021, April 8). Art therapy in the Digital World: An integrative review of current practice and Future Directions. Frontiers in psychology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8060455/ 

Posted in Portfolio—ThatPersonOverThere, Rebuttal Rewrite, ThatPersonOverThere | 8 Comments

Rebuttal Argument – The Gamer2.0

Posted on April 8, 2024 by The Gamer 2.0

 New Balance on Marketing

Yes, it’s true that New Balance hasn’t been at the top for years on end compared to Nike and Adidas, but they have found a way to make it there. They have been viewed as an underdog in this scene. It’s been called “The Dad Shoe” and many more, only being viewed as one little thing, but it’s some more. People have argued many times that New Balance would never make it to the top and would never be able to compete with Nike, “The Top Brand,” and other leading brands.

The argument for this cause is that New Balance is not at the top but rather among the other leading brands in the marketing side of things. Yes, you can say that, but you will need to back it up with evidence, and that’s when cards get played. For starters, New Balance has been around for the longest time since it was established in 1906. As one of the brands that has been in the game for the longest time and is still thriving, it’s surprising to say that their marketing schemes are not the best. By always improving and trying to improve their work,  the company decided in 1936 to target selling arch support products to people such as retail workers, firefighters, and police officers. Which was also an important figure in the views of marketing and how they are able to see a problem in the community, identify it, and act on it. They continued this over the years, providing the best quality for each and every sport and improving as they went along the way.

We all know that Nike has always been at the top of the list, and yes, we can argue that, provided that New Balance is next on that tier list and will eventually become at the top of that list. Well, in the last three years, New Balance people have been interested in what they have been about to do, and that’s what has captured their attention. Its marketing strategies, like Beijing, allowed them to make small collaborations with relevant brands, which exposed them to a younger and more diverse audience. Their media impressions have increased by around 200 percent from 2021 to 2022 around COVID. Which is an impressive reason being  that some companies were closing and others were gaining due to the way they were able to market properly, and New Balance was one of those who were gaining. The hype for the sneakers has increased dramatically, and the inventory cannot meet the demand for the brand. They put their brands on different platforms like TikTok, Instagram, and X, also known as “Twitter,” and the exposure is what the young audiences are constantly on, and that’s the perfect way to target them.

Unlike other brands, New has shown that they are not only in the game to become the biggest. Their actual goal is to really open their company to others and help them on their come-up. They are determined to sponsor young individuals, not only the famous ones we all know and love, like Lebron James, but people like Auralee, who is just a model who models different brands in Paris, and New Balance partnered with him with the goal of just exposing their content to the world everywhere. Patta 991, Casablanca 327, Salehe Bembury ML2002R1, and many more are just the small collaborations that they have, not only focusing on collaborations with the big dogs but also the small ones too.

It is argued that New Balance doesn’t compare; it’s a shoe that no one wears anymore, but as you can see, they can’t even meet the demands for it. The brand has proven time and time again that it is able to compete with the others while also meeting the demands of its customers. With the information provided, this proves that New Balance has not only been one of the top contenders for being the best in the marketing scene, but also that they have come so far and will continue to rise to the top.

References

New Balance: Brand History, Philosophy, and Iconic Products

https://www.fatbuddhastore.com/new-balance-timeline-i205

https://hypebeast.com/2021/5/new-balance-best-collaborations-stussy-jjjjound-aime-leon-dore-salehe-bembury

https://www.nssmag.com/en/fashion/35532/new-balance-collaborazioni

https://stories.complex.com/new-balance-reinvention

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Causal Argument- Breakingbad45

Posted on April 7, 2024 by BreakingBad45

The type of education you receive
will depend on your environment 

When you are living in our society, at one point in time you gain the ability to learn. Many people have an idea of what an education is, and have gotten it at one point in their life. However, many people have differing ideas when they think of education because everyone has had different lessons and different ideas of teaching. In some environments, it is very hard to succeed if you are not taught at the correct time or in the right form. My idea is that you cannot succeed in a school setting if you are faced with certain obstacles, these obstacles including living areas and financial situations. 

Many urban areas are very unfortunate with their school systems and struggle every day to create ways to get students to enroll. The struggles they face include gang life, single homes, and children that are stricken with starvation. This is seen in cities like Harlem, the Bronx and other parts of the city. 

The debates that other people try to make have the idea that people are able to make it in life, attend a good college, and work a good job as long as they work hard. I believe that is untrue because there are people in certain unfortunate situations that are unable to make it into a good school because of where they come from. People’s environments naturally change and form the person you are if you live there long enough. I think many people carry disadvantages while navigating their education because of this.

Because of the good education and upbringing I was fortunate to have, it was easier for me to be successful and be able to attend a university. This article by the Georgia Library claims that, “the findings that overcrowded areas contain many chances and have an easier access to depression but it doesn’t affect their education or the level they can contain,” (Lanus). He says that everyone is capable of succeeding because everyone is physically able to do so in this country. The issue I have is people thinking everyone has an equal chance in that success, and the truth is that cannot possibly happen for the unprivileged. 

I found an article on the subject about a Rowan student who visited a middle school and highschool principal located in one of the bad parts of the Bronx where there is a lot of crime and poverty. He found that the principal (who did not want to be named) believed that, “Students in this area may gain no hope in the future because of how our system has been running,” (Marone). In the article, he mentions how many children under the age of 14 are afraid to go into school. The reason behind this deals with the amount of gang life in the area. Students tend to see people before walking to class being harassed, beaten, robbed or even worse to be forced into a gang because they think they will have a better chance at life. 

Another thing taken into account is that many of these students in areas like New York will not have the ability to eat everyday; the starvation causing them to be unmotivated and simply unable to learn anything. The principal from the Bronx believed that students would have a better chance of coming into school at all if there were more free lunches for the unfortunate children. The kids would then want to go to school to eat, and in return, learn some valuable information that could potentially help and benefit a child’s life drastically. Many of the kids that go to these schools are often complaining about being hungry. 

The National Library of Medicine had their own experiment to see if poverty changes the education of students. They believed that, “The results indicate that enduring exposure to neighborhood poverty relates to educational attainment, while timing does not,” (Lanus). They go on to say that it could affect your ability to learn, but it would affect many more children than adults trying to learn at a university. This is relevant because in the experiment they state that children would have a much harder time gaining an education because of the stress and other factors that they have to deal with in their daily lives. This shows that it will affect the kids life a lot more than an adult’s life.

Many children are receiving education around the world; however, that type of learning can be dramatically different from others. Just like New York, there are people that attend public schools in dangerous areas who may not learn anything in class. At the same time, a few blocks away at the private schools nearby, there are students learning and receiving help that will benefit their futures. The idea is that regardless of where you’re from, you’ll learn things differently from other people. There are people that can receive more help and guidance with the reason being they were born into the right family at the right time of life. 

There are many ways of finding solutions in urban areas like this to get children to attend schools and gain a sufficient education, but it would need to be a whole debacle that would entail many different sides of people joining together to help our future youth. The ideas that I feel make the most sense are to have safer routes to school so kids feel comfortable, free lunches for the children so students would have the motivation to go to school, and to find and hire a team of nurturing teachers that give good quality learning in these dangerous areas; many teachers in that area do not care for their students. More solutions that would aid in attacking the root of the problem would be to be vigilant of children who may be victims of malicious parenting, and help to get these children away from their home abuse.

Also, having the cities be more aware of their gang violence and rising up to combat it could make a drastic change not just for the young students, but for everyone. The whole idea in itself can not be possible because of how many of these cities have been living with these problems for years. The idea can be tragic, but many people are able to succeed in this world. I truly believe everyone can and is capable of doing so. The thing that becomes conflicting is: if everyone could achieve these goals, even if they had obstacles like these, why can’t everyone succeed? I believe many people would not gain the same knowledge, therefore everyone would not gain the same standard of education making it much harder to succeed. 

References

Do poor housing conditions affect educational attainment? : An analysis of the impact of poor housing conditions on educational achievement, a study based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. (n.d.). https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/553803 

Marrone, C., & Bullimore, M. A. (n.d.). A Case Study of Secondary School Leaders’ Perceptions of Attendance Policies and Procedures Used to Increase Attendance. https://doi.org/10.32469/10355/66143 

Nieuwenhuis, J., Kleinepier, T., & van Ham, M. (2021, May). The role of exposure to neighborhood and school poverty in understanding educational attainment. Journal of youth and adolescence. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8043918/#:~:text=The%20results%20indicate%20that%20enduring,stronger%20impact%20than%20later%20exposure 

THE THIRD REFERENCE, REVISED TO HIDE THE URL:

Nieuwenhuis, J., Kleinepier, T., & van Ham, M. (2021, May). The role of exposure to neighborhood and school poverty in understanding educational attainment. Journal of youth and adolescence.

Posted in BreakingBad, Causal Argument | 2 Comments

Rebuttal argument – Toetio

Posted on April 7, 2024 by toetio

The Complicated Origins of Hand Gestures

One could make a reasonable assumption that hand gestures in cultures are the result of commerce over a language barrier.  After all there are many examples both historical and contemporary of hand gestures being used for just such a purpose.  In hospitals hand gestures are used to communicate between caregivers and patients over a language barrier.  There are also numerous historical examples of hand gestures being employed in history, particularly during the age of exploration.  During voyages when explorers made first contact with a people, the only means of communication available to them were hand gestures.  Both examples make for a compelling case, but they come to a conclusion that is unsupported by the evidence.  Neither example provides evidence for these interactions being the source of hand gestures, all they do is provide evidence of the usefulness of hand gestures.  In the case of hospitals, research shows that hand gestures are often employed even when a language barrier is not present.  The same could be said for the explorers, even after multiple interactions between peoples when some language could be learned hand gestures were still employed because they were useful.  Hand gestures are remarkably useful, particularly for cross cultural communication, however they do not exist solely for such purpose.  Their origin is likely a mixture of causes.

References

Moving towards culturally competent health systems for migrants? Applying systems thinking in a qualitative study in Malaysia and Thailand.Moving towards culturally competent health systems for migrants? Applying s…: EBSCOhost (rowan.edu)

GESTURE LANGUAGE IN CULTURE CONTACT (rowan.edu)

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Rebuttal – NatureChild

Posted on April 7, 2024 by Naturechild101

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Rebuttal Argument — Ilovebees

Posted on April 7, 2024 by ilovebeesss

The Complexity of Tears

Although the main objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that the shedding of tears can be therapeutic for individuals, especially college students, it is important to dismantle the concept of classification of emotional tears. The manifestation of these tears is presented as a representation of singular and intense emotion (sadness, joy, grief, empathy) or a reaction to a single factor. However, this perspective overlooks the complexities of the overall human emotional experience and the nature of tears shed in response to various factors. Emotional tears cannot be classified as arising from singular, concrete emotions. Rather, they arise from a complex interplay of multiple emotional states, often intertwined in a cascade of feelings that will end up producing tears due to the communication hindrance. 

The emotions or feelings that come from the categorization of “Emotional tears” are the trigger or the most basic emotion that can be explained in short and that applies to the situation that the individual is facing. In reality, tears shed in response to a specific event are rarely attributable solely to a primary emotion. Rather, they arise from a nuanced interaction of several emotions, each of which contributes a different emotional factor.

When an individual is going through a situation that makes them angry, there is a possibility that this individual will cry. But the reality is that this individual reflects the complex interplay of emotions and physiological responses associated with this intense feeling. The feeling of anger can be the trigger for many other intense feelings and emotions that cause crying. 

For example, consider a scenario in which an individual discovers that his or her partner has been unfaithful. In response, it is not only anger stemming from betrayal that brings tears. Rather, a host of emotions will likely arise due to this triggering emotion. The individual may experience deep sadness due to the abuse of trust, shock from the unexpected revelation, distress over the uncertain future of the relationship, and being overwhelmed by the sudden upheaval. In essence, the tears shed in this situation encapsulate a complex range of emotions beyond anger, reflecting the nature of the emotional response to betrayal.

We know that crying cannot be based on a single emotion because there is no single factor that contributes to this emotion appearing along with tears. The study “What Makes People Cry? A Preliminary Analysis of Situations that Evoke Emotional Tears” presented by Julia Wagrowska and Monika Wrobel sought to know what types of situations make people cry and what specific emotions are linked to these tears. In other words, they wanted to identify broad emotional categories and the particular events that fit into these categories. They found that “a significant portion of the items were related to feelings of frustration, helplessness, and loss of control,” even when the category was anger-induced tear situations.

In a subsequent section of the study, they mention a similar example but with the feeling of sadness. Wragrowska and Wrobel mention that tears are often related to the feeling of sadness, that is, tears are the product that occurs when an individual feels sad. They further elaborate that “Sadness is not always the dominant emotion at the onset of tears, and sadness alone does not determine the appearance of tears, as it is possible to experience sadness without crying.” This is due to the difficulty of isolating a single emotion when an individual is exposed to many factors that may be related to this emotion, that is, emotions are often intertwined and influenced by various external stimuli, internal thoughts, and past experiences. 

Another factor that supports the idea that emotional tears do not stem from a single emotion is that crying occurs as a type of non-verbal communication when there is no time to explain in detail each emotion that an individual faces. The research article “Emotional Tears Communicate Sadness but Not Excessive Emotions Without Other Contextual Knowledge” by Kenichi Ito presents a study that targeted people’s perception of tears on the face. Ito indicates that “a crying person is often interpreted as experiencing turbulent feelings and thoughts” This indicates that the individual experiencing a single, basic emotion, such as sadness or anger, generally finds it easier to reconcile and manage that emotion without resorting to tears. However, when this individual is faced with a multitude of emotions simultaneously, the emotional landscape becomes more intricate and difficult to navigate leading to tears serving as a physical manifestation of this emotional complexity. This dismantles the idea of categorizing a single emotion behind “emotional tears.”

In conclusion, naming tears as the only representation of a single emotion or reaction to a single factor overly simplifies the complexity of human emotions and the reaction that causes an individual to cry. It cannot be clearly classified that tears arise from a different emotion; rather, they arise from a complex interaction of multiple emotional states, often intertwined with multiple factors. Tears further serve as a non-verbal communication of the intricate emotional turmoil that individuals face when dealing with a myriad of emotions simultaneously.

References

 Ito K, Ong CW and Kitada R (2019) Emotional Tears Communicate Sadness but Not Excessive Emotions Without Other Contextual Knowledge. Front. Psychol. 10:878. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00878

Wągrowska, J., & Wróbel, M. (n.d.). What Makes People Cry? A Preliminary Analysis of Situations that Evoke Emotional Tears. Central and Eastern European Online Library. Retrieved from https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1177951

Posted in ILoveBees, Rebuttal | 1 Comment

Rebuttal Argument – temporal

Posted on April 7, 2024 by temporal111

Elitist Language

Oftentimes, people might tell others that they’re speaking incorrectly, or that their language is inappropriate or impure. Although this can be true if the other’s syntax is completely unintelligible, many times, the complaint can have no meaning outside of pure elitism. Many attempts to purify language are caused by the wealthy upper class rejecting the language of the poorer class.

A common argument against the claim that it’s just elitism is the idea that we need to keep language “pure.” However, what does this really mean? MIT linguist Noam Chomsky, who revolutionized the field of linguistics at a young age, and was once asked in an interview what, say, the French theorists mean when they say they want to keep the French language pure, which would then entail a higher status to those who use the “pure” form of the language as oppose to those who don’t. “That doesn’t mean anything” was his response. Language is extremely subject to change and evolution. Chomsky goes on to explain that in fact, because, for most of history, and even in many places today, people speak a different language than the people in the next village over, the concept of a national language is a modern phenomenon. In addition, because language will naturally evolve anyway, there is no point in trying to control it, and there is especially no point in trying to purify it considering some forms of language to be “impure”, whatever that means, based on things like social class.

One may try to argue that the language cannot be controlled by elites because there is no concrete case of that happening. Well, there are many cases in which it happened, take the catholic church for example. In the middle ages, the rules of society were heavily determined by the church, and also during this time, Latin was considered to be the proper language of the upper class. The bible was then only written in latin, so that only the upper class priests could read and interpret what they were saying, which would then determine the rules of society. This type of system only ensures that the poor are excluded from governmental decision making, and it’s done through the exclusion of language, specifically in refusing to translate the bible to the common languages of the time.

Another huge example of unnecessary language prohibition is the idea of curse words, which are words that are deemed to be inappropriate in certain circumstances. By inappropriate, I mean that if someone were to say one of these words in any general situation, it would be considered rude or inappropriate. Now, that would not be true in a very informal setting, such as a local bar, or just friends hanging in the privacy of their own home, but it would hold in most circumstances. Now an argument against this is that these words actually are bad and you shouldn’t say them. Well, why not? Who decides they are bad? The reason why they are considered inappropriate varies, but it usually is from prior elite individuals deciding they are bad arbitrarily to ostracize the poor. One such example is from the battle of hastings.

This battle took place in 1066 between the Normans (norse/french people) and the Anglo Saxons (the ancestors of the modern day english), and the Normans were the successors. As a result, the Normans were the ruling class, and the anglo saxons were the poor working class. (Vizarra, 2019). Now, due to the merging of these cultures, the languages also merged, changing the English language. An example of such change is the words used for food. The working class referred to animals they worked with using english words (i.e. cow and pig), whereas the elites referred to the animals that were served to them in Norman (beef and pork). 

The english words were considered less refined, and sometimes, so bad, that they developed into curse words; like the word shit for example, of Anglo Saxon origin (Dent, 2018). So essentially, the word shit is considered inappropriate because the elite normans didn’t like the poor anglo saxons using them.

Well, certainly that type of thing only happens to curse words right? Wrong. The word “ain’t” used to be considered proper, believe it or not. But then, “ain’t became associated with lower-class characters” (Thesaurus.com, 2019). And now, ain’t is associated with the lower class, improper grammar, and isn’t really even considered to be a word. However, some might notice that it’s literally just a contraction of “am not”. This just goes to show that time after time, elites will consider certain forms of language (typically that of the poorer class) to be improper for no good reason whatsoever, and that these norms are carried throughout time, usually unquestioned. It seems as though the reason why it’s done is to subtly discriminate against people of the lower classes from the upper class.

So in summary, because people in power want to remain tend to try and control or purify language, seemingly out of an unwillingness to accept other cultures, and as a way of othering the lower class. And, this must be because there are numerous historical examples, and the idea of a pure language doesn’t actually mean anything. Curse words tend to originate from touchy subjects, but many times will be exasperated by the upper class to belittle the lower class. So the next time you feel that your language isn’t proper or refined, just remember that the idea of a proper language is arbitrary and baseless, so that if your language effectively communicates to people, then it’s completely valid.

References

AHEF. (2017, March 17). The Reformation Led to the Translation and Printing of the Bible into 

the Peoples’ Common Languages. American Heritage Education Foundation, Inc. https://americanheritage.org/translation-printing-bible-common-languages

Chomsky, N. (1989). Noam Chomsky: upon reflection interview with al page 

The Concept of Language (Noam Chomsky) (youtube.com)

Dent, S. (2020, October 9). Susie Dent: how English swear words went away from the holy and back to the shit again. inews.co.uk. https://inews.co.uk/opinion/columnists/susie-dent-english-swear-words-171621#:~:text=The%20word%20comes%20from%20%E2%80%98scitte%E2%80%99%2

Dictionary.com. (2019, August 11). Why Is “Ain’t” Such A Controversial Word? Thesaurus.com. https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/aint-amnt-haint-baint/

Orlando, A. (2023, September 5). The history of swear words: Where the &%@! do they come from? Discover Magazine. https://www.discovermagazine.com/mind/the-history-of-swear-words-where-the-and-do-they-come-from

Vizarra, I. ( 2019, October 14). Battle of Hastings: The War that Changed the Course of English Language Forever. Medium. https://medium.com/@ianvizarra/battle-of-hastings-the-war-that-changed-the-course-of-english-language-forever-c85f3d1269b7

vulgar | Etymology of vulgar by etymonline. (n.d.). Etymonline. https://www.etymonline.com/word/vulgar

C%20%E2%80%98excrement%E2%80%99%20%28and%20not%2C,majority%20of%20swear%20words%20are%20Anglo-Saxon%20in%20origin.

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Rebuttal Rewrite-ravensfan

Posted on April 7, 2024 by ravensfan8

Exercising for Brain Power

Exercising throughout many years is viewed as a way to be in shape physically. This can be completed by lifting weights or some type of cardio. Exercising though is extremely great for your physical health but working out can actually benefit a human mentally. Even though working out is great for physical health. People could look at it in a different manner and try to get their mental strength. Many people probably argue this and believe exercising only helps people physically.  

The argument is that exercising can only benefit people in a physical way. This is definitely true to their point: working out is very beneficial to having a physically healthy lifestyle. But that is not the only thing that can be improved when working out. All it takes is a little bit of altering. One mental benefit is brain boost. Brain boost helps how fast you think. This is for things to help you process thoughts quicker and smoother. This also helps strengthen your memory. In a Waldern University study, “Studies on mice and humans indicate that cardiovascular exercise creates new brain cells, a process called neurogenesis and improves overall brain performance.” The study helps so that cardio not only improves your cardiovascular system but helps the brain. Doing workouts in a certain order can help your brain with memory. This is because having a set schedule in your workout helps the person remember what they have to accomplish during that workout. Leading to a person having better memory throughout the regular day.

Many people say that exercising does not do anything for a person’s mental health. This can be found untrue though. Something that people deal with mentally is depression and anxiety. This can be reduced by working out. There are studies that show that lifting a few weights a day or every other day can reduce your anxiety. Some people will tell you that is not true and it can not happen. But in a Waldern university study working out can actually help make someone happier. For example, “Exercise is a scientifically proven mood booster, decreasing symptoms of both depression and anxiety. Physical activity kicks up endorphin levels, the body’s famous “feel good” chemical produced by the brain and spinal cord that produces feelings of happiness and euphoria.” This informs the people that exercise releases endorphins that decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety. Even doctors recommend trying to workout before they give the patient medicines. This means why people say that exercising can not help someone’s mental health. They can get questions because there has been study behind it. There are doctors that are out there that study and recommend physical exercise to improve mental health like depression and anxiety.

Another mental benefit of exercising is decreased stress. Tons of people deal with stress throughout their lives. People try and make exercising out to be something it is not. Exercising is extremely beneficial to decrease personal stress. Even though stress is a mental issue and working out is a physical act. It can help relieve your stress and even get rid of it. By just increasing your heart rate in any workout that a person is completing. This can help reverse self-induced brain damage of stress. In a study, “which not only improve cognition and mood but improve thinking clouded by stressful events. Exercise also forces the body’s central and sympathetic nervous systems to communicate with one another, improving the body’s overall ability to respond to stress.” This shows that exercising pretty much gets the brain to start going. This then leads to the reduction of stress that a person is enduring. The argument that physical exercise only benefits humans with their physical body can be proven. That this is not true and that it can benefit the person’s mental stress that everyone deals with. 

Many people argue that exercising can only benefit humans physically. Yes physical exercise does indeed benefit physical health and is needed for day to day life. This can be proven to be not true. With the information stated above like depression and stress but reduced by working out helps further the point. This also helps people strengthen the brain with brain boost, that helps memory and cognitive function. The information given helps prove the point that exercising can benefit people mentally.

References

Walden University. (2016, November 18). 5 mental benefits of exercise. Walden University. https://www.waldenu.edu/online-bachelors-programs/bs-in-psychology/resource/five-mental-benefits-of-exercise

Pani, J., Marzi, C., Stensvold, D., Wisløff, U., Håberg, A. K., & Diciotti, S. (2022). Longitudinal study of the effect of a 5-year exercise intervention on structural brain complexity in older adults. A Generation 100 substudy. NeuroImage, 256(119226), 119226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119226

How physical activity improves mental health. (2022, December 29). Community Health of Central Washington – Community Health of Central Washington; Community Health of Central Washington. https://www.chcw.org/behavioral-health-how-physical-activity-improves-mental-health/

Posted in Portfolio—RavensFan, RavensFan, Rebuttal Rewrite | 2 Comments

Rebuttal Argument-ravensfan 

Posted on April 7, 2024 by ravensfan8

Exercising for Brain Power

Exercising throughout many years is viewed as a way to be in shape physically. This can be completed by lifting weights or some type of cardio. Exercising though is extremely great for your physical health but working out can actually benefit a human mentally. Even though working out is great for physical health. People could look at it in a different manner and try to get their mental strength. Many people probably argue this and believe exercising only helps people physically.  

The argument is that exercising can only benefit people in a physical way. This is definitely true to their point: working out is very beneficial to having a physically healthy lifestyle. But that is not the only thing that can be improved when working out. All it takes is a little bit of altering. One mental benefit is brain boost. Brain boost helps how fast you think. This is for things to help you process thoughts quicker and smoother. This also helps strengthen your memory. In a Waldern University study, “Studies on mice and humans indicate that cardiovascular exercise creates new brain cells, a process called neurogenesis and improves overall brain performance.” The study helps so that cardio not only improves your cardiovascular system but helps the brain. Doing workouts in a certain order can help your brain with memory. This is because having a set schedule in your workout helps the person remember what they have to accomplish during that workout. Leading to a person having better memory throughout the regular day.

Many people say that exercising does not do anything for a person’s mental health. This can be found untrue though. Something that people deal with mentally is depression and anxiety. This can be reduced by working out. There are studies that show that lifting a few weights a day or every other day can reduce your anxiety. Some people will tell you that is not true and it can not happen. But in a Waldern university study working out can actually help make someone happier. For example, “Exercise is a scientifically proven mood booster, decreasing symptoms of both depression and anxiety. Physical activity kicks up endorphin levels, the body’s famous “feel good” chemical produced by the brain and spinal cord that produces feelings of happiness and euphoria.” This informs the people that exercise releases endorphins that decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety. Even doctors recommend trying to workout before they give the patient medicines. This means why people say that exercising can not help someone’s mental health. They can get questions because there has been study behind it. There are doctors that are out there that study and recommend physical exercise to improve mental health like depression and anxiety.

Another mental benefit of exercising is decreased stress. Tons of people deal with stress throughout their lives. People try and make exercising out to be something it is not. Exercising is extremely beneficial to decrease personal stress. Even though stress is a mental issue and working out is a physical act. It can help relieve your stress and even get rid of it. By just increasing your heart rate in any workout that a person is completing. This can help reverse self-induced brain damage of stress. In a study, “which not only improve cognition and mood but improve thinking clouded by stressful events. Exercise also forces the body’s central and sympathetic nervous systems to communicate with one another, improving the body’s overall ability to respond to stress.” This shows that exercising pretty much gets the brain to start going. This then leads to the reduction of stress that a person is enduring. The argument that physical exercise only benefits humans with their physical body can be proven. That this is not true and that it can benefit the person’s mental stress that everyone deals with. 

Many people argue that exercising can only benefit humans physically. Yes physical exercise does indeed benefit physical health and is needed for day to day life. This can be proven to be not true. With the information stated above like depression and stress but reduced by working out helps further the point. This also helps people strengthen the brain with brain boost, that helps memory and cognitive function. The information given helps prove the point that exercising can benefit people mentally.

References

Walden University. (2016, November 18). 5 mental benefits of exercise. Walden University. https://www.waldenu.edu/online-bachelors-programs/bs-in-psychology/resource/five-mental-benefits-of-exercise

Pani, J., Marzi, C., Stensvold, D., Wisløff, U., Håberg, A. K., & Diciotti, S. (2022). Longitudinal study of the effect of a 5-year exercise intervention on structural brain complexity in older adults. A Generation 100 substudy. NeuroImage, 256(119226), 119226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119226

How physical activity improves mental health. (2022, December 29). Community Health of Central Washington – Community Health of Central Washington; Community Health of Central Washington. https://www.chcw.org/behavioral-health-how-physical-activity-improves-mental-health/

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